Memory‐based Event‐triggered Fault‐tolerant Load Frequency Control of Multi‐area Power Systems with Electric Vehicles

Modern power systems are often in harsh environments such as high voltage and high magnetic fields, leading to the failure of related actuators, sensors, and controller modules. This may cause the system to lose the expected performance index and cause huge losses. If a component fails, fault-tolerant control (FTC) can ensure the safe operation of the power system. EVs are utilized for LFC, and a multi-area power system model is established while considering parameter uncertainty. To minimize network data transmission, a memory-based adaptive hybrid event-triggered mechanism is designed, utilizing historical data to construct a threshold function. In addition, both the system states as well as the faults are estimated using a sliding mode observer. The proposed fault-tolerant LFC scheme uses observers to mitigate the impact of sensor failures.