Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition

The phrasecrosslinguistic influence(CLI) is roughly synonymous with other terms, most notablylanguage transferandinterference, in that all refer to the influence of one language upon another, most typically in cases of second language acquisition (SLA). These terms continue to be used widely, but in each case the expression is really a cover term for a wide range of phenomena. For that reason, secondary terms are often used, such aspositive transferto refer to the facilitating effects of one language in acquiring another (e.g., of Spanish vocabulary in acquiring French) andnegative transferto refer to divergences due to some differences between the target language and a source language (most typically the native language of the learner). Still another cover term often used issubstrate influence, but this is found mainly in historical or sociolinguistic studies of language contact, such as work on the influence of certain African languages on the development of creoles in Surinam (Migge, 2003).