A Review on the Recovery of Critical Metals from Mine and Mineral Processing Tailings: Recent Advances

Over the past two decades, risk management in the mining sector has advanced significantly, increasingly prioritizing sustainable practices throughout the lifecycle of mining operations. A key component of this shift is the recovery of valuable materials from mining and mineral processing tailings, particularly critical and secondary raw materials, through the application of advanced reprocessing technologies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent developments in tailings reprocessing, with a focus on leaching, and innovative hydrometallurgical techniques. Drawing on case studies from copper, silver, tungsten, antimony, and gold mining industries, the review highlights the potential for secondary resource recovery in response to rising global demand for critical metals such as rare earth elements, lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are essential for clean energy and modern technologies. It also discusses the challenges and limitations associated with current recovery practices and outlines future trends aimed at improving metal extraction efficiency, while mitigating environmental impacts. The integration of circular economy principles into tailings management not only enhances resource efficiency but also supports decarbonization, strengthens supply chains, and contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals. Ultimately, the transition to sustainable waste management and critical metal recovery is essential for minimizing environmental risks and promoting long-term economic and ecological resilience in the mining sector. Graphical Abstract