Construction of a public space network connectivity and vitality optimization system in historical districts of southwestern China: Guiyang case study

Globalization presents significant challenges to the authenticity of world heritage sites, often leading to tensions between preservation and development. Southwestern mountainous cities in China, despite relatively slow economic growth, have managed to maintain well-preserved historical and cultural heritage, though these areas remain underrecognized internationally. This study examines the spatial connectivity and vitality of public spaces in Guiyang, a representative city. Using Voronoi polygons and complex network analysis, the investigation focuses on the distribution, connectivity, and vitality optimization of public spaces in historical districts. Results indicate that natural factors shape the spatial organization, with social public spaces demonstrating the highest network stability. In contrast, collective spaces show local stability but are vulnerable to socioeconomic disparities. Both types exhibit a core-periphery structure with varying levels of openness. The proposed Distribution-Network-Vitality-Path (DNVP) system provides a framework for enhancing public space vitality, offering practical guidance for heritage conservation and urban planning globally.