Unravelling the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of rare-metal granites through apatite geochemistry and geochronology: The Variscan Beauvoir granite (French Massif Central)

Peraluminous rare-metal granites (PRMGs) represent highly differentiated crustal granites characterised by extreme enrichment in metals, such as Li, Sn, Nb, Ta, W, and Be. This geochemical specificity is considered to be the result of a succession of magmatic and hydrothermal processes, the importance and individual impact of which are still debated. In this study, we investigate the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the Beauvoir leucogranite , a world-class PRMG from the French Paleozoic Variscan belt, through extensive characterisation of suprasolidus to subsolidus apatite . We employ a multi-tracing approach, combining in-situ elemental compositions (major, trace, and halogen elements), oxygen isotopic systematics, and U-Pb geochronology . Four major magmatic and hydrothermal stages were identified through apatite petrography and U-Pb geochronology. Magmatic apatite crystallised at 314.6 ± 4.7 (2s) Ma. Decrease in the amplitude of the Eu anomaly in magmatic apatite from the deeper to shallower granitic units record an increase in the oxygen fugacity ( fO 2 ) of the magma with differentiation, likely contributing to the crystallisation of a first and predominant cassiterite generation. Magmatic apatite REE patterns show significant tetrad effects; they reflect the exsolution of magmatic fluids involved in the precipitation of early hydrothermal apatite replacing igneous minerals or precipitating within veins during greisenisation episode dated at 314.3 ± 5.5 Ma and 311.7 ± 8.1 Ma. Early hydrothermal apatite, characterised by enrichment in Sr or S and Mn-REE depletion along with variable Br/I ratios and δ 18 O compositions down to negative values, record mixing dynamics between two fluid end-members: (i) magmatic fluids, and (ii) oxidising meteoric fluids partially reequilibrated with country rocks. Meteoric fluids progressively invaded the Beauvoir PRMG at temperatures ≥ 450 °C and triggered precipitation of a second generation of cassiterite during mixing with magmatic fluids. Two late, non-magmatic, hydrothermal events are dated at 268.3 ± 20.4 Ma and 148.5 ± 26.6 Ma. Related apatite is marked by specific mineralogical and geochemical features such as high As contents and heavy oxygen isotope signatures. They are proposed to be linked to extension-related regional hydrothermal fluid circulation that contributed to metal endowment (U, F-Ba-Pb-Zn) in the crystalline basement and overlying sedimentary cover of Western Europe following the Variscan Orogeny. Our results demonstrate that apatite is a key mineral to decipher the role of magmatic and hydrothermal processes leading to ore deposition and remobilisation in PRMGs, in relation with geodynamic evolution. Apatite records of external fluid incursions at near-solidus conditions highlight the open system nature of the Beauvoir PRMG, which is crucial for developing fully integrated metallogenic models applicable to similar deposits.