Overview of batteries and battery management for electric vehicles

Popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective solution to promote carbon neutrality, thus combating the climate crisis. Advances in EV batteries and battery management interrelate with government policies and user experiences closely. This article reviews the evolutions and challenges of (i) state-of-the-art battery technologies and (ii) state-of-the-art battery management technologies for hybrid and pure EVs. The key is to reveal the major features, pros and cons, new technological breakthroughs, future challenges, and opportunities for advancing electric mobility. This critical review envisions the development trends of battery chemistry technologies, technologies regarding batteries, and technologies replacing batteries. Wherein, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries (such as solid state batteries), and technologies beyond lithium (‘post-lithium’) will be actively explored in the next decades. Meanwhile, the data-driven electrothermal model is promising and identified with an impressive performance. Technologies of move-and-charge and wireless power drive will help alleviate the overdependence of batteries. Finally, future high-energy batteries and their management technologies will actively embrace the information and energy internet for data and energy sharing.