Biological properties and potential application of extracts and compounds from different medicinal parts (bark, leaf, staminate flower, and seed) of Eucommia ulmoides: A review

Eucommia ulmoides ( E. ulmoides ) is a relict plant belonging to the Eucommiaceae family. Each part of E. ulmoides including the bark, leaf, staminate flower, and seed, contains various active ingredients, that are edible and have medicinal value. This review summarizes the literatures on the functional properties of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and polysaccharides in different parts of E. ulmoides . The prospects for application of the different parts of E. ulmoides as functional foods are also discussed. This review provides a reference for further research and development of the medicinal application of E . ulmoides .