Effect of copper and cultivation condition on the transport, metabolism, and potential risk of tolfenpyrad in pea seedlings (Pisum sativum Linn.)

Pesticides and heavy metals are two major classes of environmental pollutants, and their environmental fate requires careful assessment. This study investigated the effects of copper (Cu) and cultivation methods on the distribution and metabolism of tolfenpyrad in pea seedlings. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) analysis indicated that tolfenpyrad was poorly absorbed by soil-grown pea seedlings (BCF <1) but readily absorbed by hydroponically grown seedlings (BCF ≫ 1). Furthermore, the translocation of tolfenpyrad within the seedlings was limited, with translocation factors ranging from 0.001 to 2.831. The presence of Cu differentially influenced transport mechanisms, likely due to synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the two analytes. Tolfenpyrad dissipated rapidly in pea seedlings, with half-lives of 3.6-3.8 days. The exposure risk was considered negligible, as risk quotients were below 100%. These findings provide valuable insights into the influence of Cu and cultivation conditions on the environmental behavior of tolfenpyrad in pea seedlings.