Second language acquisition as a function of age: research findings and methodological issues

The possibility that language acquisition, like so many aspects of human development, is at least partly a function of biological programming has long intrigued students of first and second language acquisition and loss. Demonstrating the existence of maturational constraints, specifically, one or more sensitive periods for language development, would have ramifications both for language acquisition theory and language teaching practice. Language learning after the close of the period(s) identified might be a qualitatively different process, and a theory would have to account for that. The existence of sensitive periods would hold implications for first and second language teaching programmes of various kinds. The type and timing of instruction – either in or through a new language – for abnormal first language, and normal child and adult second language, populations would be influenced, for example, by a finding that native-like abilities in one or more linguistic domains could only be achieved by learners first exposed to a language before a certain age. A sensitive period, following Oyama (1979), is best conceived as a time of heightened responsiveness to certain kinds of environmental stimuli, bounded on both sides by states of lesser responsiveness, with abrupt or gradual increases or decreases in learning ability expected and sufficient to support the claim. It is recognized, after all, that even some of the clearest cases of sensitive periods in the animal world, such as imprinting, are often not ‘developmentally fixed’ (genetically determined and impervious to environmental influence), and so can be variable.