Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Spatial Planning

ChapterInfrastructure and urban form are strongly linked, especially among transportation infrastructure provision, travel demand and vehicle kilometres travelled (robust evidence, high agreement).In developing countries in particular, the growth of transport infrastructure and ensuing urban forms will play important roles in affecting long-run emissions trajectories.Urban form and structure significantly affect direct (operational) and indirect (embodied) GHG emissions, and are strongly linked to the throughput of materials and energy in a city, the wastes that it generates, and system efficiencies of a city.(robust evidence, high agreement) [12.4,12.5] Key urban form drivers of energy and GHG emissions are density, land use mix, connectivity, and accessibility (medium evidence, high agreement).These factors are interrelated and interdependent.Pursuing one of them in isolation is insufficient for lower emissions.Connectivity and accessibility are tightly related: highly connected places are accessible.While individual measures of urban form