Interfacial π–d Coupling on Amorphous VOx-Modified Carbon Nitride Driving Efficient Hydrogen Production

Using photocatalysis to produce hydrogen (H 2 ) fuel offers a highly attractive strategy for both environmental protection and sustainable energy production. Herein, we report a novel π–d conjugate composed of amorphous vanadium oxide (VOx) nanodots anchored in situ on sulfur-doped carbon nitride (CNS). The VOx nanodots, characterized by disordered coordination environments, establish strong interfacial coupling with the conjugated CNS framework. This interface synergistically facilitates charge separation, accelerates surface redox reactions, and enhances light absorption. Under visible light, the H 2 evolution rate of VOx/CNS-3 could reach 9333.60 μmol g –1 h –1, thereby attaining an activity level 6.2 times higher than that of pure CNS. This study highlights a paradigm for engineering amorphous metal oxide and carbon nitride composites via π–d interfacial modulation, offering benefits for sustainable clean energy generation.