Nanoengineered Bispecific Antibodies Mediate Cell to Cell Movement for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy

Modifying two or more types of monoclonal antibodies on nanoparticle surfaces has been a promising strategy to potentiate cancer immunoefficacy. In general, one of the immobilizing antibodies specifically targets cancer cells, while others target immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer cells (NKs), and macrophages. These methodologies endow nanomedicines as the intermediate bridges to pull immune cells and cancer cells together, thereby boosting cancer cell lethality by the direct attack of T cells and NKs, as well as the phagocytosis of macrophages. Herein, we review the main immune cell types during cancer immunotherapy and the categories of monoclonal, bispecific, and multispecific antibodies and underscore how nanoengineering-mediated cell-to-cell movement potentiates cancer immunoefficacy. In addition, we discuss the challenges and outlooks of the nanoengineering methods and point out the future direction.