Enhancing pollutant removal efficiency through multi-flow cascade flocculation and flotation reactor: a detailed flow field analysis

, achieved turbidity and oil removal rates of 95% and 94%, respectively. In comparison, a traditional stirred flocculation reactor achieves 82% and 78% removal rates for turbidity and oil, respectively, but requires a longer treatment time of up to 21 minutes. Additionally, the MCFR operates continuously with a treatment time of less than 1 minute, offering a faster and more efficient solution for gas and oil field wastewater treatment. These findings provide critical insights for designing advanced flocculation-flotation systems for the complex wastewater treatment needs of the oil and gas industry.