Dual-mode detection of illicit drugs based on ZIF-8/Ag core–shell nanomaterials

chromogenic reactions. Additionally, by utilizing the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, Ag NPs formed nanoscale SERS hotspots, enhancing Raman signals for precise trace detection. The method achieves fast and accurate identification of heroin (HER), methamphetamine (MET) and etomidate (ETO). The multimodal sensing array effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional single detection methods in terms of timeliness, sensitivity and field applicability, providing a new idea for multimodal illicit drug detection.