Carbon quantum dots for environmental catalysis: green synthesis, surface functionalization, and interface engineering

reduction, oxygen reduction, and water electrolysis, are discussed to elucidate the structure-activity relationships and reaction mechanisms of CQD-based catalysts. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities toward precise design, scalable preparation, and practical deployment of CQD-derived catalytic materials. This feature article aims to provide valuable guidance for developing next-generation CQD-based catalysts for sustainable energy conversion.