Recent advances in stable halide perovskite nanocrystals for optoelectronic devices, biological imaging, and X-ray detection

core/shell structure and surface modifications. This review also emphasizes the key applications of stable HPNCs, including efficient optoelectronic devices and biological imaging using visible light and X-rays, while analyzing the impact of material composition, device structure, and other critical parameters on their performance and stability. Ion-doped and heterostructured HPNCs excel in photodetectors, surface-modified HPNCs are preferred for solar cells and LEDs, and core/shell HPNCs offer distinct advantages for biological applications. The most pressing challenges are standardizing testing parameters for HPNC material stability, device-level packaging, and developing lead-free HPNC systems to address the gaps in commercial applications of HPNCs. This review seeks to inspire innovative synthesis strategies for stable HPNCs and their derivatives, aiming to realize ultra-stable, efficient, non-toxic, and eco-friendly optoelectronic devices and biological detection or imaging applications.