Ball milling modification of carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitors and rechargeable alkali-ion batteries

ions. This leads to enhanced rate performance and cycling stability. Despite its advantages in scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, challenges remain in optimizing milling parameters, minimizing undesired side reactions, and ensuring consistency for industrial production. Future research should focus on advanced reactor design, process automation, and the integration of ball milling with complementary techniques to develop next-generation carbon materials for high-performance energy storage devices.