Boosting supercapacitor performance through innovative transition metal-based electrode materials

@rGO). This review further contrasts TMOs and TMSs, highlighting the latter's superior electrical conductivity and reversible kinetics while noting the challenges in synthesis scalability and stability. Critical challenges, including low energy density, manufacturing costs, and industrial standardization, are discussed alongside future directions, such as flexible/wearable SCs, intelligent devices, and sustainable material design. This work underscores the transformative potential of transition metal-based electrodes in bridging the performance gap between capacitors and batteries, paving the way for next-generation energy storage systems.