OsNLP3 and OsPHR2 orchestrate direct and mycorrhizal pathways for nitrate uptake by regulating NAR2.1–NRT2s complexes in rice

Nitrogen (N) is the most important essential nutrient required by plants. Most land plants have evolved two N uptake pathways, a direct root pathway and a symbiotic pathway, via association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, the interaction between the two pathways is ambiguous. Here, we report that OsNAR2.1–OsNRT2s, the nitrate (NO 3 − ) transporter complexes with crucial roles in direct NO 3 − uptake, are also recruited for symbiotic NO 3 − uptake. OsNAR2.1 and OsNRT2.1/2.2 are coregulated by NIN-like protein 3 (OsNLP3), a key regulator in NO 3 − signaling, and OsPHR2, a major regulator of phosphate starvation responses. More importantly, AM symbiosis induces expression of OsNAR2.1 – OsNRT2s, OsNLP3, and OsSPX4 , encoding an intracellular Pi sensor, in arbuscular-containing cells, but weakens their expression in the epidermis. OsNAR2.1 and OsNLP3 can activate both mycorrhizal NO 3 − uptake and mycorrhization efficiency. Overall, we demonstrate that OsNLP3 and OsPHR2 orchestrate the direct and mycorrhizal NO 3 − uptake pathways by regulating the NAR2.1–NRT2s complexes in rice.