State-of-the-art hydraulic modelling: a comprehensive review of HEC-RAS for 1D and 2D applications

Hydrodynamic models simplify natural water systems, aiding in water resource management by simulating water movement in various bodies. They are essential for flood forecasting, hazard mapping and decision-making. Despite challenges in predicting floods due to complex terrain and drainage patterns, ongoing research aims to improve model accuracy. This paper reviews state-of-the-art hydrodynamic models, evaluating their application based on parameters like accessibility, time and space discretization. It focuses on one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) models, including coupled 1D–2D models within the HEC-RAS framework, highlighting HEC-RAS as an effective tool for flood modelling. The integration of hydrological and hydraulic models offers a comprehensive approach to flood forecasting and mitigation. This study guides researchers in model selection for specific catchments and assists water resource managers and policymakers by summarizing key hydrodynamic research and sustainable development strategies.