A typological study on the syntactic variations of counterfactual clauses

This paper differs from previous studies that focused on counterfactual markings by establishing a typological classification of counterfactuals (CFs) based on syntactic variations. By taking this approach, the paper is able to answer questions surrounding the downgrading of counterfactuals and its effects on clause linkage, clause order and TAM expression. The author proposes a new working definition that emphasizes meaning while also considering form. Through a survey of 155 languages, the paper provides evidence that the syntax of counterfactuals is more diverse than previously thought, challenging mainstream views on their connection to conditional frameworks. Non-conditional CFs like coordination or insubordination which tend to get marginalized in linguistic analysis and description are also explored in the paper. The preliminary systematization of data presented here will encourage an overall rethinking of the syntactic variations of counterfactuals.