Solvent extraction systems for mutual separation of Am(III) and Cm(III) from nitric acid solutions. A review of recent state-of-the-art

Americium and curium, present in spent nuclear fuel, are carried forward to the high-level wastes (HLW) upon its reprocessing within the closed nuclear fuel cycle strategy. These minor actinides are required to be extracted efficiently to mitigate the long-term radiotoxicity of the HLW, which in some countries is the proposed strategy for the safe management of radioactive wastes emanating from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. While both Am and Cm are co-extracted by most of extractants used for actinide partitioning and lanthanide-actinide separations, their mutual separation makes Am transmutation less complicated. In their most stable (trivalent) oxidation state, these elements are very difficult to separate. In this review, solvent extraction systems for the mutual separation of Am(III) and Cm(III) from nitric acid solutions are discussed. The extraction systems for the separation of americium directly from high-level liquid waste and from isolated mixtures of americium and curium are considered.Abbreviations: D:distribution ratio, D=CorgCaq, where Corg – total concentration of a metal in the organic phase, Caq – total concentration of a metal in the aqueous phase; DF: decontamination factor, DF=Cx,feed⋅QfeedCx,product⋅Qproduct, where Cx,feed, Cx,product – concentrations of an impurity in the initial feed solution and the product solution (raffinate or back-extract), Qfeed, Qproduct – flow rates of the initial feed solution and the product solution; GW×day/tHM: burn-up of nuclear fuel, where tHM – tons of heavy metal; HAC: high active concentrate; HLW: high level waste; HSAB: Hard and Soft Lewis Acids and Bases; Kex: constant of extraction, for the reaction M3+(aq) + 3NO3−(aq) +nL(org) = M(NO3)3Ln (org), Kex: [M3+][NO3−]3[L]n/[M(NO3)3Ln]; PUREX: Plutonium Uranium Reduction EXtraction; GANEX: Grouped ActiNide EXtraction; REE: rare earth element; SF: separation factor, SF = D1/D2, D1>D2; SNF: spent nuclear fuel; TRLIFS: time-resolved laser induced fluorescence spectrometry; β: constant of complex formation;List of ligands: ADAAM(EH): tetra-(2-ethylhexyldiamide-(2-ethylhexyl)-amine; BTPhen: bis-triazinylphenanthroline; (Cl-Ph)2PS2H: bis-(chlorophenyl)-dithiophosphinic acid; CMPO: Carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide DMDOHEMA: N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dioctyl-2-(hexyloxy)ethylmalonamide; DOODa: N,N,N’,N’-tetraalkyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamide; H2BP18C6: N,N’-bis[(6-carboxy-2-pyridyl)methyl]-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6; H4TPAEN: N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis-[(6-carboxypyridin-2-yl)-ethylenediamine; HDEHP: di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid; HEDTA: hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid; HEH[EHP]: 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid; NTAamide: N,N,N,N’,N’,N’-hexaalkylnitrilotriacetamide; PhPyPO: phenyl-pyridine phosphine oxide; TBP: tri-(n-butyl)phosphate; TEDGA: tetraethyldiglycolamide; TEHP: tri-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; TODGA: tetraoctyldiglicolamide; TPH: hydrogenated tetrapropyleneList of terms: CHON-principle: An idea that the extractant molecule should consist only of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, so that the spent ligand can be easily incinerated without the formation of any solid waste. Salting out-agent: An inorganic salt with the same counter-ion as an extracted complex has.Counter-current process: A process in which the solvent and the aqueous feed streams, in contact with each other, flow in opposite directions.