Implications of attention restoration theory for leisure planners and managers

Effective cognitive functioning in humans is reliant on the management of directed attention. Recent research has shown that an overuse of directed attention leads to irritability, decreased concentration and increased levels of stress and aggression. We believe this research provides a new rationale for urban nature based on the psychological benefits provided by these areas. Urban park planners and managers can use attention restoration theory (ART) to improve visitor experiences and increase support for and use of green space and urban parks. Empirical research on the cognitive benefits of exposure to nature is relevant to municipal governments, employers and corporations, as each stand to benefit from improved cognitive functioning and its ramifications (e.g. employee productivity, reduced health care costs and increased ecosystem services). This paper reviews key issues in the ART and provides specific recommendations for leisure managers to help incorporate the ramifications of this theory into municipal leisure planning and management. To most effectively incorporate the principles and benefits from this theory, we recommend that ART be incorporated in the existing active living and new urbanism movements.