Defining digital citizenship and digital citizenship education: a Delphi study

The evolving digital landscape presents challenges in defining digital citizenship and digital citizenship education. This study seeks to define digital citizenship and digital citizenship education through a qualitative Delphi study involving 23 experts based in New Zealand from across three levels of expertise: subjective, mandated, and objective closeness. The Delphi study resulted in a definition of digital citizenship that encompasses considered use, community care, and civic action, and a definition of digital citizenship education framed across affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions. The definitions reflect the entanglement of digital technologies in everyday activities and can be used to design purposeful learning experiences.