Biomechanical risk factors for badminton injuries: a systematic review

Badminton is a popular racket sport with a high injury rate. Because most existing studies are cross-sectional or retrospective, this systematic review focused on prospective biomechanical risk factors for injury in healthy players. Six databases were searched from 2010 to October 2025, yielding 435 records; 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review found that during lunging, increased knee moments in the sagittal and frontal planes, higher peak loading rate, and posterior tibial displacement are associated with ACL injury risk. During landing, knee valgus, internal rotation, and high vertical ground reaction force also increase ACL injury risk. For shoulder injuries, internal rotation deficit (<55°) and low eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of shoulder rotators were key risk factors. These findings suggest that injury prevention should emphasize improved lunging and landing mechanics, hamstring and rotator cuff strengthening, and individualized screening.