Nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement: a holistic analysis of research advances, technological progress and regulations for health and safety

Nanofluids have emerged as a transformative cooling solutions that offer substantial improvements in various engineering applications that require enhanced heat transfer. This review comprehensively analyses the latest research advances, technological progress, and regulatory considerations associated with nanofluids. Beginning with an overview of nanofluid properties, composition, and preparation methods, we highlight their roles in enhancing heat transfer. Detailed examinations of experimental studies and numerical simulations have revealed their effectiveness in applications such as automobile radiators, electronic cooling, turbine blade cooling, and solar PV-thermal systems. Health and safety considerations were addressed by discussing nanoparticle toxicity, biocompatibility, and environmental impacts, along with occupational health hazards and recommended safety measures. We scrutinized the regulatory landscape and identified challenges and gaps in frameworks across Africa, Asia, North America, and the European Union. A bibliographic analysis of the progress in nanofluid applications for heat transfer provides insights into the research trends, publication dynamics, and key contributors. This review concludes with future research prospects and potential applications of nanofluids, emphasizing the need for innovation and regulatory oversight. This review underscores technological and scientific advancements while stressing the importance of safety protocols and robust regulatory frameworks for sustainable nanofluid technologies.