Perovskite solar cells: a comprehensive review of material design, device structure, and commercialization prospects

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology due to their tunable bandgap, high light absorption coefficient, and low-cost solution processing. This review provides a detailed overview of perovskite material properties, device structures, stability enhancement strategies, flexible applications, and tandem technologies, while exploring their commercialization prospects. Additionally, it thoroughly addresses PSCs stability challenges, highlighting the impact of humidity, ultraviolet radiation, thermal stress, and ion migration on device performance. Corresponding stability enhancement strategies are proposed, including bulk and interfacial passivation, charge transport layer modification, and encapsulation optimization. Regarding flexible PSCs (F-PSMs), the review summarizes electrode material selection, substrate material screening, mechanical reinforcement strategies for functional layers, and fabrication techniques for key components, highlighting their potential applications in portable and wearable electronics. Finally, this review analyzes the application of PSCs in tandem solar cells, covering recent advancements in Si/perovskite and all-perovskite tandem structures, emphasizing their potential for enhancing solar conversion efficiency. Challenges persist in material design, device architecture, manufacturing processes, application scenarios, and standardization systems for PSCs. It is hoped that this review will provide insights for future research to advance this technology from the laboratory to commercial applications.