Constructing new-generation ion exchange membranes under confinement regime

Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) enable fast and selective ion transport and the partition of electrode reactions, playing an important role in the fields of precise ion separation, renewable energy storage and conversion, and clean energy production. Traditional IEMs form ion channels at the nanometer-scale via the assembly of flexible polymeric chains, which are trapped in the permeability/conductivity and selectivity trade-off dilemma due to a high swelling propensity. New-generation IEMs have shown great potential to break this intrinsic limitation by using microporous framework channels for ion transport under a confinement regime. In this Review, we first describe the fundamental principles of ion transport in charged channels from nanometer to sub-nanometer scale. Then, we focus on the construction of new-generation IEMs and highlight the microporous confinement effects from sub-2-nm to sub-1-nm and further to ultra-micropores. The enhanced ion transport properties brought by the intense size sieving and channel interaction are elucidated, and the corresponding applications including lithium separation, flow battery, water electrolysis, and ammonia synthesis are introduced. Finally, we prospect the future development of new-generation IEMs with respect to the intricate microstructure observation, in-situ ion transport visualization, and large-scale membrane fabrication.