The Role of Socially Assistive Robots for the Improvement of Quality of Life in Elderly People: A Systematic Review

The rapid aging of global populations has intensified the need for innovative solutions to support older adults’ well-being. Socially Assistive Robots (SARs) have emerged as a promising intervention; however, the field faces a "translational gap" between pilot success and clinical reality. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 121 studies, applying a novel "Developmental Zones" framework to categorize research maturity and a formal risk-of-bias assessment. Results suggest that SARs provide robust emotional support, with key studies demonstrating statistically significant reductions in depression and loneliness in institutional settings. Conversely, cognitive and physical outcomes vary, often hindered by methodological heterogeneity and a high risk of bias in 85% of interventional studies. A significant design gap was identified: while empowering co-design approaches correlated with 15–20% higher usability scores, older adults were frequently excluded from the creative process. Furthermore, widespread adoption is stalled by technical barriers, high costs, and a geographical bias (concentrated in the USA and East Asia) that limits cultural generalizability. The review concludes that unlocking SARs’ full potential requires a shift toward longitudinal studies exceeding six months, standardized reporting metrics, and "Privacy by Design" frameworks to foster trust and sustained engagement.