Digital Twin Applications for Hydrogen Integration in Gas Micro Turbines: A Review of Modelling Approaches and System Challenges

As the energy sector transitions toward cleaner fuels, hydrogen is emerging as a promising alternative for gas micro turbines. However, incorporating hydrogen into fuel mixtures introduces technical challenges, particularly related to combustion stability and performance prediction. Digital twin technology offers a potential solution by creating virtual, real-time models that replicate turbine behavior under varying conditions. This review examines how digital twins are being applied to support hydrogen integration in gas micro turbines, with a focus on recent methods that combine physics-based and data-driven modelling approaches. We discuss how these models simulate hydrogen combustion, adapt to system changes, and support informed operational decision-making. The paper also addresses current limitations, including model accuracy and data availability, and identifies key areas for future research. Overall, the aim is to provide a clear overview of how digital twin technology can facilitate the transition to cleaner gas turbine systems within the context of Industry 4.0.