Ethics of Orbital Debris: Responsibility and Prevention in Small Satellite Missions Enhanced Legal Analysis and Integration

The rapid expansion of small satellite missions has exacerbated the problem of orbital debris, highlighting significant gaps in legal frameworks and ethical oversight. This paper investigates the intersection of international space law, private-sector accountability, and technical mitigation strategies, with a focus on debris generated by small satellites. Through a legal analysis of treaties and national regulations, the study identifies systemic weaknesses in state liability regimes and enforcement mechanisms. The paper employs quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as the case study method, to support its findings. It argues that existing international frameworks, such as the Outer Space Treaty (OST) and the Liability Convention, are insufficient to address the challenges posed by private-sector activities. The paper proposes binding international standards rooted in principles of intergenerational equity and collective responsibility, along with a multidimensional strategy involving legal reform, technological innovation, and ethical governance to ensure the long-term sustainability of low Earth orbit (LEO).