Data center power control for frequency regulation

The power consumption of a data center with a large number of computer servers can be controlled precisely on fast timescales, making data centers rather valuable assets to the electric grid. This paper explores the potential of using large-scale data centers to provide frequency regulation. In particular, Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is employed to adjust the power consumptions of individual computer servers. An aggregated power response model is developed for the entire data center. Service response time model is incorporated to ensure performance of the data center. A novel power management strategy is then proposed to control the CPU frequencies of individual servers to follow a given regulation signal while respecting desired response time requirement. Simulations based on real workload traces and real regulation signals are performed. The results indicate that the regulation signal can be tracked very accurately under the proposed control strategy, and a single data center can achieve about a half-million-dollar revenue by participating in the regulation market without affecting its service quality.