Cognitive Radio Empowered Smart Grid

The increasing reliance on distributed energy resources and the need for resilient grid operation in vulnerable or infrastructure-limited areas have led to a move from wired connections to wireless communication in smart grids. Despite significant progress in wireless resource management, a fundamental question remains: how can communication resource management directly influence and enhance the operation of the smart grid itself? To address this challenge, this paper proposes a cognitive radio empowered smart grid (CRESG) architecture, where distributed generators (DGs) interact with a master controller (MC) over adaptive wireless links. To capture the impact of short-packet transmission delay and error probability on control performance, a finite blocklength (FBL) regime is adopted within the context of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). Based on this architecture, a coupled multi-objective optimization framework is developed, integrating wireless communication design with finite-time stability constraints from smart grid dynamics. To evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture, two representative smart grid scenarios are examined: (i) satellite-assisted remote control of offshore wind turbines and (ii) wireless transmission of generation control signals from a control center to multiple distributed renewable energy resources. The simulation results consistently demonstrate that the proposed architecture effectively balances latency, reliability, and communication-control cost under diverse operating constraints, thereby validating its adaptability to smart grids supported by advanced wireless communication technologies.