A stage-structured prey–predator interaction model with the impact of fear and hunting cooperation

One of the most important factors influencing animal growth is non-genetics, which includes factors like nutrition, management and environmental conditions. By consuming their prey, predators can directly affect their ecology and evolution, but they can also have an indirect impact by affecting their prey’s nutrition and reproduction. Preys used to change their habitats, their foraging and vigilance habits as anti-predator responses. Cooperation during hunting by the predators develops significant fear in their prey which indirectly affects their nutrition. In this work, we propose a two-species stage-structured predator–prey system where the prey are classified into juvenile and mature prey. We assume that the conversion of juvenile prey to matured prey is affected by the fear of predation risk. Non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions are demonstrated theoretically. All the biologically feasible equilibrium states are determined, and their stabilities are analyzed. The role of various important factors, e.g. hunting cooperation rate, predation rate and rate of fear, on the system dynamics is discussed. To visualize the dynamical behavior of the system, extensive numerical experiments are performed by using MATLAB and MatCont 7.3. Finally, the proposed model is extended into a harvesting model under quadratic harvesting strategy and the associated control problem has been analyzed for optimal harvesting.