Harmful Fine-tuning Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models: A Survey

Recent research demonstrates that the nascent fine-tuning-as-a-service business model exposes serious safety concerns: fine-tuning with a few harmful data or even seemingly benign data uploaded from the users can compromise the safety alignment of the model. The attack, known as harmful fine-tuning attack, has generated broad research interests in both academia and industry. In this article, we first systematically formulate the threat model and basic assumptions of harmful fine-tuning. Then, we provide a comprehensive review of harmful fine-tuning from three fundamental perspectives: attack setting, defense design, and evaluation methodology. First, we present the threat model of the problem and introduce the harmful fine-tuning attack. Next, we systematically survey representative attacks, defense methods, and mechanical interpretability in the existing literature. Finally, we introduce the evaluation methodology and outline future research directions, which can serve as guidelines and crucial perspectives for the future development of the subject. We also maintain a curated list of relevant papers, which are made accessible at https://github.com/git-disl/awesome_LLM-harmful-fine-tuning-papers . Disclaimer: This document contains content that some may find disturbing or offensive, including content that is hateful or violent.