The Emergence of “Us and Them” in 80 Lines of Code
Kurt J. Gray, David Gertler Rand, Eyal Ert, Kevin Lewis, Steven Gregory Hershman, Michael I. Norton
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Yale University Hebrew University of Jerusalem University of California San Diego
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摘要与影响
Psychological explanations of group genesis often require population heterogeneity in identity or other characteristics, whether deep (e.g., religion) or superficial (e.g., eye color). We used agent-based models to explore group genesis in homogeneous populations and found robust group formation with just two basic principles: reciprocity and transitivity. These emergent groups demonstrated in-group cooperation and out-group defection, even though agents lacked common identity. Group formation increased individual payoffs, and group number and size were robust to varying levels of reciprocity and transitivity. Increasing population size increased group size more than group number, and manipulating baseline trust in a population had predictable effects on group genesis. An interactive demonstration of the parameter space and source code for implementing the model are available online.
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物理Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
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