Same behavior, different perspectives: direct reciprocity differences between children with autism and children with typical development

BACKGROUND: Direct reciprocity is closely related to social behavior in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and is an important guarantee of their integration into society. There are many differences in direct reciprocity between children with ASD and typical development (TD). Research has paid attention to the differences in reciprocity outcomes between the two types of children but has neglected the importance of the perspective focus in reciprocity, which is a vital mechanism for eliciting reciprocal outcomes. METHODS: This study explored differences in direct reciprocity between children with ASD (n = 29) and TD (n = 34) from the perspective of outcomes and perspective focus through resource allocation tasks. T tests and chi-square tests were used to compare group differences, and Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyse the mechanisms influencing the two groups’ reciprocity behavior. RESULTS: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the two groups of children were similar in reciprocal outcomes but differed in perspective focus. Regression analysis showed that the perspective focus could positively predict the reciprocity behavior of children with ASD under stingy conditions, while negatively predict their reciprocity behavior under generous conditions. Conversely, the predictive effects on TD children are opposite. Theory of mind and empathy could positively predict the reciprocity behavior of children with ASD under stingy conditions, while negatively predict their reciprocity behavior under generous conditions. By contrast, no significant predictive effects were observed for children with TD. CONCLUSION: The results show that the reciprocal outcomes of the two types of children were similar, both showing a pattern of ‘if you treat me well (badly), I will treat you well (badly),’ but their perspective focus differed. Children with ASD paid more attention to their own perspectives and responded based on their own gains and feelings. Conversely, children with TD paid more attention to others’ perspective and responded based on others’ motivations and feelings. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.