Development of a Moiré fringe-based force visualization system with robust image processing algorithms

<title>Abstract</title> This paper presents a Moiré fringe-based force visualization system integrated with a robust image processing algorithm to achieve accurate force measurement. The system captures Moiré patterns using a high-speed camera and fits the periodic grayscale distribution using a least-squares sinusoidal model. To suppress the influence of local noise and occlusions, a multi-stage residual-based outlier removal strategy is introduced. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully fits the fringe profile even under significant noise disturbances. Additionally, it achieves a high consistency with the measurements obtained from a conventional force sensor. This study provides a potential framework for developing real-time optical force sensors that do not rely on conventional electronic sensing components.