Systematic review and thematic analysis of the utilization of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in construction materials

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising organic nanomaterials due to their unique physicochemical properties and versatile applications. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the role of CQDs in improving the performance of construction and building materials, including cement, concrete, and asphalt. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of recent articles focusing on the synthesis methods of CQDs and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), their characteristics, and their effects on the mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of cement-based materials. Furthermore, the potential challenges and future research directions in this field towards carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) direction are also discussed. The mechanisms behind these improvements are analyzed, focusing on the interfacial bonding between CQDs, seeding nucleation of the cement hydration process, and filling effect. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges associated with CQD implementation, such as cost-effectiveness and large-scale implementation. Finally, a suggested outline for optimizing CQDs used in construction materials in many research directions is discussed, suggesting novel ways for high-performance, functional, and sustainable construction materials for smart applications. Graphical Abstract