Electrocatalysts for Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are emerging as one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage applications. To facilitate practical implementation, it is crucial to reduce costs while improving the efficiency of RFBs. The electrode plays a pivotal role in determining both the efficiency and overall cost of the system. The chemical composition and structural characteristics of electrodes influence the rate of redox reactions and the accessibility of electroactive species to active sites. For an ideal electrocatalyst in RFBs, key criteria include high surface area, good electrical conductivity, long-term stability, and optimal activity for the target redox reactions. One common strategy to enhance electrode performance is to coat it with metal or metal oxide electrocatalysts. Metal electrocatalysts offer excellent conductivity, while metal oxides are often more cost-effective, making them attractive from an economic perspective. A comprehensive review of recent advances in the development of metal and metal oxide electrocatalysts for RFBs, along with a critical comparison of these innovations, is essential for understanding their impact on RFB performance.