Research Progress on Detection and Monitoring Technologies for Emerging Infectious Diseases

新发传染病是指新近出现或重新抬头的感染性疾病，其流行受人口增长、气候变化、全球化旅行及宿主免疫状态等多因素驱动。本文系统综述了新发传染病病原体检测与监控技术的研究进展，重点阐释了分子诊断技术的革新及其在疫情防控中的关键作用。传统病原体鉴定方法(如培养分离、血清学检测)虽具价值，但存在灵敏度低、耗时长等局限。聚合酶链反应(PCR)及新一代测序(NGS)技术的突破，显著提升了病原体发现的效率与准确性：从基于序列非依赖性扩增的病毒发现(如HHV-8、MCPyV)，到宏基因组学在无偏倚病原体筛查中的应用(如SARS-CoV-2的快速鉴定)。此外，生物信息学与“全健康”(One Health)策略的整合，为跨物种传播风险预警提供了新范式。未来，高通量测序技术、人工智能辅助诊断及全球化监测网络的协同发展，将进一步提升新发传染病的早期识别与应对能力。Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), defined as newly identified or re-emerging infections, are fueled by factors including population growth, climate change, global travel, and host immune status. This review comprehensively summarizes advances in pathogen detection and surveillance technologies, emphasizing the transformative role of molecular diagnostics. While conventional methods (e.g., culture isolation, serology) remain foundational, their limitations in sensitivity and turnaround time have been addressed by breakthroughs in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Key milestones range from sequence-independent amplification techniques (e.g., discovery of HHV-8 and MCPyV) to metagenomics for unbiased pathogen screening (e.g., rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2). Integration of bioinformatics and the “One Health” framework has further enabled early warning of cross-species transmission risks. Future directions include high-throughput sequencing, AI-assisted diagnostics, and global surveillance networks to enhance preparedness against EIDs.