FUNCTIONAL SAFETY IN AUTOMOTIVE SEMICONDUCTORS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ISO 26262 PRACTICES

The rapid evolution of modern vehicles toward electrification, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and autonomous driving has dramatically increased the reliance on high-performance semiconductor devices for safety-critical operations. Ensuring that these devices operate reliably under all conditions has made functional safety an indispensable engineering requirement. ISO 26262, the automotive functional safety standard, provides a structured framework for identifying hazards, defining safety goals, allocating hardware and software safety requirements, and validating safety mechanisms across the vehicle lifecycle. This review presents a comprehensive examination of ISO 26262 practices as applied to automotive semiconductor components, with emphasis on the unique architectural, diagnostic, and verification challenges present in microcontrollers, mixed-signal ICs, power devices, sensor interfaces, and heterogeneous ADAS SoCs. Key topics include safety requirement allocation, Safety Element out of Context (SEooC) development, FMEDA and FTA-based safety analyses, quantitative hardware metrics, and design patterns that enhance fault tolerance and diagnostic coverage. Industrial case studies illustrate practical implementation strategies and highlight the growing importance of redundancy, safety islands, ECC-protected memories, and in-field diagnostics. The paper also identifies emerging challenges related to advanced semiconductor nodes, AI accelerators, cybersecurity interactions, chiplet-based architectures, and mixed-criticality workloads. Future research directions emphasize the need for integrated safety–security co-engineering, scalable EDA tools, formal verification methodologies, and new diagnostic mechanisms for AI-enabled automotive compute platforms. Overall, this review provides a consolidated perspective on how ISO 26262 principles guide the safe design and deployment of semiconductor devices that underpin next-generation intelligent and autonomous vehicles.