Effect of additives on degradation of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) using ultrasound and microwave irradiation

The degradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been investigated using ultrasonic (US) as well as microwave (MW) irradiation techniques with the approach of process intensification based on different additives, such as Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ), Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and air. The effects of sonication time, initial polymer concentration, and temperature on the extent of reduction in viscosity have been thoroughly investigated using US as well as MW irradiation approaches. Basically, the degradation process has been optimized by utilizing two different ultrasonic reactors in a combined approach of ultrasonic horn and bath. The maximum extent of degradation of PVA was found to be 69.33% using MW irradiation with a required energy of 0.321 g/JL, and 62.47% using US horn with a required energy of 0.054 g/JL when operated at 0.1 g/L of TiO 2 catalyst. The combination of US horn and US bath results in same degradation as 0.1 g/L of TiO 2 catalyst with US horn. It has also been observed that the maximum degradation of PVA was obtained with a minimum treatment time of 3 min using MW irradiation, whereas the US horn required 40 min. Moreover, a lower extent of PVA degradation was obtained when additives were used, such as surfactants (SLS) and air. As a result, it can be inferred that the MW-assisted approach in the presence of process-intensifying additives/catalysts is the best approach for the degradation of PVA with a minimum energy consumption.