Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of animal soundscape in urban green spaces

Background & Aims: The animal community is a key element constituting the urban green-space ecosystem. As an important ecological component of wild animal communities, the soundscape is of great significance in guiding urban green-space landscape design and biodiversity conservation measures. This paper examined 67 articles from the core collection of Web of Science published between 2005 and 2022 to comprehensively analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of and influences on animal soundscapes in urban green spaces. Findings: The animal soundscape of urban green space was influenced by environmental-spatial gradients and vegetation spatial structure. Animal sound diversity was inversely correlated with altitude, latitude, urbanization degree, and was also related to vegetation type and height. Phenology of the urban soundscape also showed diurnal, seasonal, and annual variation, including characteristics such as dawn and dusk avian choruses, insect and amphibians nocturnal choruses, and other aspects of animals' seasonal and annual vocalization patterns. The factors that affect the urban animal soundscape thus include mainly vegetation, environment, anthropogenic interference, and self-driving of animals. Prospects: Despite being one of the hotspots of current soundscape ecology research, animal soundscape research faces