Predicting individual dry matter intake in Holstein × Gyr cows using behavior-monitoring sensor, phenotypic, and weather data with supervised machine learning

= 0.68) and accuracy (root mean squared error = 1.60 kg/d) metrics on test data. Our results indicate that gradient boosting is more suitable for capturing complex nonlinear relationships underlying daily DMI compared with the other models evaluated. Further advancements in ML-based DMI prediction should consider integrating intra- and interindividual variability in feeding behavior and accounting for animal-specific effects.