Cross-border higher education cooperation under the dual context of artificial intelligence and geopolitics: opportunities, challenges, and pathways

This paper examines the profound impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and geopolitics on cross-border higher education cooperation. AI has the potential to enhance educational accessibility and collaboration efficiency by enabling personalized learning, virtual classrooms, open resource platforms, and open-source research collaborations, ultimately helping bridge global educational gaps. However, significant challenges arise, such as techno-nationalism (e.g., semiconductor export controls), data sovereignty conflicts (e.g., GDPR restrictions), divergent algorithmic values, and the expanding digital divide. To address these challenges, this study proposes several solutions: the creation of an inclusive technological ecosystem (including open-source platforms, shared computing power, and cross-cultural models); the development of mutual recognition mechanisms (such as data stratification and standard harmonization); the strengthening of South-South cooperation through digital public goods; and the reconstruction of ethical consensus, emphasizing cultural diversity and human-in-the-loop principles. Notably, China has actively contributed to these efforts through technological empowerment (e.g., National Smart Education Platform, Luban Workshops), regulatory input (e.g., Global Governance Initiative), and infrastructure support. Looking ahead, the paper argues for the establishment of an “Intelligent Education Community,” guided by the principles of “extensive consultation, joint contribution, shared benefits, and wise governance,” to ensure that AI advances global educational equity and promotes human progress.