Spatio-Temporal Changes and Trade-Offs/Synergies among Ecosystem Services in Beijing from 2000 to 2020

Exploring the dynamic changes and trade-offs/synergies among ecosystem services is essential to urban ecological protection and sustainable development. In this study, we quantified the spatio-temporal changes in nine ecosystem service values in Beijing from 2000 to 2020 based on land-use data and the equivalent factor method. Correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were combined to explore the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services. The results show that (1) the total ecosystem service value of Beijing increased from CNY 15 billion to 52 billion from 2000 to 2020, and the value was mainly contributed to by forest, cropland, and water. The regulating services covered the largest proportion of the total ecosystem service value, followed by the supporting services; (2) the high-ESV area was mainly located in the mountainous area with abundant forest resources, and the low values were mainly concentrated in central urban areas; (3) most of the ecosystem service pairs had synergies, while the trade-offs mainly existed between food supply services and other services. Measures, such as controlling built-up areas, increasing the area of green space and enhancing vegetation protection, as well as implementing high-quality agriculture, should be taken in order to balance the relationship between ESs and improve ecosystem management in Beijing.