New Quality Productivity of Agriculture and Rural Areas at the Provincial Scale in China: Indicator Construction and Spatiotemporal Evolution

New quality productivity in agriculture and rural areas serves as a critical foundation for addressing the development needs of the times, advancing the comprehensive revitalization of rural regions, and overcoming the urban–rural dual structure. This paper studies the spatial changes and evolutionary trends of new quality productivity in agriculture and rural areas in 31 provinces of mainland China. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) At the provincial level, the development of China’s new quality productivity exhibits a spatial gradient, with a decreasing trend from east to west. (2) At the national scale, while significant spatial autocorrelation exists in the new quality productivity of agriculture and rural areas, internal disparities are gradually narrowing. (3) The eastern region demonstrates significant advantages, the central region is making steady progress, the western region is rapidly catching up, and the northeastern region faces increasingly significant development pressures. This paper extends the research boundary of new quality productivity to the field of agriculture and rural areas, and we introduce a variety of spatial analysis methods to depict its distribution characteristics.