Advances in Flotation Reagents for Cassiterite Separation: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions

Tin is a crucial strategic metal, extensively employed in aerospace, new energy materials, and other advanced fields. However, with the progressive depletion of high-grade tin ores, the utilization of low-grade tin ores for metal tin production has emerged as a significant trend. Nonetheless, low-grade tin ores present inherent challenges that hinder their direct application in tin extraction. Flotation remains an effective method to enhance ore grade, yet issues such as fine particle dispersion and ore complexity persist. In light of this, the present study provides a comprehensive review of cassiterite resource characteristics, surface chemistry, flotation reagents, and relevant case studies. By delving into the physicochemical properties of cassiterite, this paper elucidates its floatability and the distinctions among various flotation reagents. Furthermore, it identifies critical challenges in cassiterite flotation and proposes targeted, feasible strategies to support the efficient exploitation of tin resources, thereby fostering the sustainable development of the tin industry.