Assessment for Direct Generation of Ocean Wave Energy: Dielectric Elastomer Generator and Dielectric Fluid Generator

Direct generation (DG) technologies-comprising dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) and dielectric fluid generators (DFGs)-offer a promising paradigm for ocean wave energy conversion by integrating transduction mechanisms directly into wave-responsive materials. This assessment provides a comprehensive analysis of DG systems, outlining their working principles, recent material innovations, and comparative performance in harsh marine environments. We examine advancements in dielectric materials, including silicone-based and emerging nonsilicone elastomers, and discuss their influence on energy density, electromechanical efficiency, and environmental resilience. Comparative assessments highlight the advantages of DFGs in long-term durability and energy conversion under complex wave dynamics, while DEGs remain competitive due to their mechanical flexibility and scalable fabrication. The review concludes with a discussion of hybrid system integration, challenges in large-scale deployment, and a roadmap toward commercialization. By synthesizing current research trajectories, this article aims to accelerate the transition from laboratory-scale prototypes to deployable, cost-effective ocean energy harvesting solutions.